Typhoon No. 7: Japanese Shadowing

今日 【きょう】

common jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

today; this day

未明 【みめい】

common

[1]: Noun; Adverb

early dawn; grey of morning; gray of morning

日本 【にっぽん】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

Japan

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

南 【みなみ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

south

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

海上 【かいじょう】

common

[1]: Noun; No-adjective

(on the) sea; surface of the sea

で

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at; in

台風 【たいふう】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Noun

typhoon; hurricane

号 【ごう】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Noun; Noun, used as a suffix

number; edition; make; model; issue; part of that group

が

common

[1]: Particle

indicates the subject of a sentence

発生 【はっせい】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Intransitive verb

occurrence; incidence; outbreak; birth (e.g. of civilization)

ます-stem

The masu-stem is used as a base for many conjugations, the most common one is the masu-form, but there are many others.

In this case: It is used to connect sentences. It's roughly equivalent to "and".

Suru verb

する ➡️ し

Example: 勉 べん 強 きょう [ study ]

明日 【あす】

common jlpt-n4 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

tomorrow

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

夕方 【ゆうがた】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

early evening (usu. from 3pm to 6pm); dusk

から

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since

夜 【よる】

common jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

evening; night

にかけて

common

[1]: Expression

till; to; over (a period); through (e.g. Monday through Thursday); about (approx. time or place); on

東京 【とうきょう】

common

[1]: Noun

Tokyo

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

小笠原 【おがさわら】

not frequently used

[1]: Noun

Ogasawara

諸島 【しょとう】

common

[1]: Noun

archipelago; group of islands

に

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at (place, time); in; on; during

最も 【もっとも】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: Adverb

most; extremely

接近 【せっきん】

common jlpt-n2

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Intransitive verb

getting closer; drawing nearer; approaching

Dictionary Form

The verb remains in base form (dictionary form). The dictionary form is often used in casual speech, and is often the base for many patterns.

In this case: It's used to describe the noun that follows this verb.

All Verbs

Use the verb in dictionary form.

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

見込み 【みこみ】

common jlpt-n1

[2]: Noun

expectation; anticipation; forecast; estimate

です

common

[1]: Copula; Auxiliary verb

be; is

小笠原 【おがさわら】

not frequently used

[1]: Noun

Ogasawara

諸島 【しょとう】

common

[1]: Noun

archipelago; group of islands

で

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at; in

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

今夜 【こんや】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Noun; Adverb

this evening; tonight

から

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since

明後日 【あさって】

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

day after tomorrow

にかけて

common

[1]: Expression

till; to; over (a period); through (e.g. Monday through Thursday); about (approx. time or place); on

雷 【かみなり】

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n3

[1]: Noun

lightning; thunder; thunderbolt

を

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates direct object of action

伴う 【ともなう】

common jlpt-n1

[2]: Verb ending in 'u'; Transitive verb

to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with; to be involved in

て-From

The main purpose of the て-form is to connect actions, and it's often used with other auxiliary words to convey different meanings.

In this case: It's used to connect 2 sentences in sequential order. It's roughly equivalent to "and".

Verb that ends in う,つ,る

[verb](う,つ,る ➡️ って)

Example: 買 か う [ to buy ]

激しい 【はげしい】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: I-adjective

violent; furious; tempestuous

雨 【あめ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

rain

が

common

[1]: Particle

indicates the subject of a sentence

降る 【ふる】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Verb ending in 'u'; Intransitive verb

to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down

ます-stem

The masu-stem is used as a base for many conjugations, the most common one is the masu-form, but there are many others.

In this case: It is used to connect sentences. It's roughly equivalent to "and".

Verb ending in 'u'

[verb](u ➡️ i)

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

明日 【あす】

common jlpt-n4 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

tomorrow

朝 【あさ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

morning

迄 【まで】

common

[1]: Particle

until (a time); till; to; up to

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

時間 【じかん】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

time

に

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at (place, time); in; on; during

降る 【ふる】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Verb ending in 'u'; Intransitive verb

to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down

雨 【あめ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

rain

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

量 【りょう】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: Noun; Noun, used as a suffix

quantity; amount; volume; capacity; portion (of food)

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

多い 【おおい】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: I-adjective

many; numerous; a lot

所 【ところ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb; Suffix

place; spot; scene; site

で

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at; in

ミリ

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n2

[2]: Noun

millimetre; millimeter

明後日 【あさって】

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

day after tomorrow

朝 【あさ】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

morning

迄 【まで】

common

[1]: Particle

until (a time); till; to; up to

の

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates possessive

時間 【じかん】

common jlpt-n5

[2]: Noun

hour

に

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at (place, time); in; on; during

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

ミリ

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n2

[2]: Noun

millimetre; millimeter

と

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[4]: Particle

used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)

予想 【よそう】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Transitive verb; No-adjective

expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture

Passive Form

The main purpose of the passive form is to make things indirect. Meaning that they are done by someone else; by unnamed individuals. Note that the passive form, which ends in eru, can be treated as v-iru-eru and so, it can be conjugated.

In this case: It's used to denote more respect than the regular ます-form, because it's less direct.

Suru verb

する ➡️ される

Example: 為 す る る [ to do ]

〜ている

This is basically the て-form + いる. It's used to express an ongoing action or a current state. Note that we are appending the いる verb at the end, and so it can be conjugated.

In this case: It's used to express a current state.

Verb that ends in 'iru' or 'eru'

[verb](る ➡️ ている)

Example: 食 た べ べ る [ to eat ]

気象庁 【きしょうちょう】

common

[1]: Noun

(Japanese) Meteorological Agency; JMA

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

小笠原 【おがさわら】

not frequently used

[1]: Noun

Ogasawara

諸島 【しょとう】

common

[1]: Noun

archipelago; group of islands

で

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at; in

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

高波 【たかなみ】

common

[1]: Noun

high waves; heavy seas

に

common jlpt-n5

[2]: Particle

to (direction, state); toward; into

警戒 【けいかい】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Transitive verb

vigilance; caution; alertness; precaution; being on guard

Dictionary Form

The verb remains in base form (dictionary form). The dictionary form is often used in casual speech, and is often the base for many patterns.

In this case: It's used to express present and future in the middle of a sentence or within another pattern.

All Verbs

Use the verb in dictionary form.

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

とともに

not frequently used

[1]: Expression

together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)

土砂災害 【どしゃさいがい】

not frequently used

[1]: Noun

landslide disaster; sediment disaster

に

common jlpt-n5

[2]: Particle

to (direction, state); toward; into

十分 【じゅうぶん】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Na-adjective

enough; sufficient; plenty; adequate; satisfactory

注意 【ちゅうい】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Intransitive verb

attention; notice; heed

Dictionary Form

The verb remains in base form (dictionary form). The dictionary form is often used in casual speech, and is often the base for many patterns.

In this case: It's used to express present and future in the middle of a sentence or within another pattern.

All Verbs

Use the verb in dictionary form.

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

様 【よう】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: Noun, used as a suffix; Noun

appearing ...; looking ...

呼びかける 【よびかける】

common jlpt-n2

[1]: Verb that ends in 'iru' or 'eru'; Transitive verb

to call out to; to hail; to address

〜ている

This is basically the て-form + いる. It's used to express an ongoing action or a current state. Note that we are appending the いる verb at the end, and so it can be conjugated.

In this case: It's used to express ongoing action.

Verb that ends in 'iru' or 'eru'

[verb](る ➡️ ている)

Example: 食 た べ べ る [ to eat ]

台風 【たいふう】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Noun

typhoon; hurricane

は

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates sentence topic

その後 【そのご】

not frequently used

[1]: Expression; Noun; Adverb

after that; afterwards; thereafter

も

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence)

北上 【ほくじょう】

common

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Intransitive verb

going north

を

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates direct object of action

続ける 【つづける】

common jlpt-n4

[1]: Verb that ends in 'iru' or 'eru'; Transitive verb; Auxiliary verb

to continue; to keep up; to keep on

ます-stem

The masu-stem is used as a base for many conjugations, the most common one is the masu-form, but there are many others.

In this case: It is used to connect sentences. It's roughly equivalent to "and".

Verb that ends in 'iru' or 'eru'

[verb] without る

Example: 食 た べ べ る [ to eat ]

明後日 【あさって】

common jlpt-n1 jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun; Adverb

day after tomorrow

以降 【いこう】

common jlpt-n2

[1]: Noun; Adverb

on and after; from ... onward; since

伊豆 【いず】

not frequently used

[1]: Noun

Izu (former province located on the Izu Peninsula in present-day Shizuoka Prefecture, and the Izu Islands)

諸島 【しょとう】

common

[1]: Noun

archipelago; group of islands

や

common

[1]: Particle

such things as ...; and ... and

東 【ひがし】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

east

日本 【にほん】

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Noun

Japan

に

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

at (place, time); in; on; during

近づく 【ちかづく】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Verb ending in 'u'; Intransitive verb

to approach; to draw near; to get close

Dictionary Form

The verb remains in base form (dictionary form). The dictionary form is often used in casual speech, and is often the base for many patterns.

In this case: It's used to describe the noun that follows this verb.

All Verbs

Use the verb in dictionary form.

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

恐れ 【おそれ】

common jlpt-n1

[1]: Noun

fear; horror; anxiety; concern; uneasiness; reverence

が

common

[1]: Particle

indicates the subject of a sentence

有る 【ある】

common jlpt-n2 jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Verb ending in 'u'; Intransitive verb

to be; to exist; to live

ます-stem

The masu-stem is used as a base for many conjugations, the most common one is the masu-form, but there are many others.

In this case: It is used to connect sentences. It's roughly equivalent to "and".

Verb ending in 'u'

[verb](u ➡️ i)

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

最新 【さいしん】

common

[1]: Noun; No-adjective

latest; newest; late-breaking (news)

情報 【じょうほう】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: Noun

information; news; report; intelligence

を

common jlpt-n5

[1]: Particle

indicates direct object of action

確認 【かくにん】

common jlpt-n3

[1]: Noun; Suru verb; Transitive verb

confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation; identification

Dictionary Form

The verb remains in base form (dictionary form). The dictionary form is often used in casual speech, and is often the base for many patterns.

In this case: It's used to express present and future in the middle of a sentence or within another pattern.

All Verbs

Use the verb in dictionary form.

Example: 飲 の む [ to drink ]

様に 【ように】

common

[1]: Expression

like; as

為る 【する】

common jlpt-n3 jlpt-n5

[1]: Suru verb

to do; to carry out; to perform

〜てください

This is the て-form + ください.

In this case: It's used to politely ask someone to do something.

Suru verb

する ➡️ してください

Example: 為 す る る [ to do ]